commit 7f690c67cdc6ca188d66e4215f04a9c40b6d7b6f
Author: upstream <upstream@localhost>
Date:   Fri Sep 4 09:31:11 2026 +0200

    Upstream thephpleague/csv state of the touched files before 96e3608aa6

diff --git a/src/Buffer.php b/src/Buffer.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d4083c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/Buffer.php
@@ -0,0 +1,534 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * League.Csv (https://csv.thephpleague.com)
+ *
+ * (c) Ignace Nyamagana Butera <nyamsprod@gmail.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view the LICENSE
+ * file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace League\Csv;
+
+use CallbackFilterIterator;
+use Closure;
+use Iterator;
+use League\Csv\Query\Constraint\Criteria;
+use League\Csv\Query\Predicate;
+use League\Csv\Schema\Inspector;
+use League\Csv\Schema\Schema;
+use League\Csv\Serializer\Denormalizer;
+use League\Csv\Serializer\MappingFailed;
+use League\Csv\Serializer\TypeCastingFailed;
+use mysqli_result;
+use PDOStatement;
+use PgSql\Result;
+use ReflectionException;
+use RuntimeException;
+use SQLite3Result;
+
+use function array_combine;
+use function array_diff;
+use function array_fill_keys;
+use function array_filter;
+use function array_is_list;
+use function array_key_exists;
+use function array_key_first;
+use function array_key_last;
+use function array_keys;
+use function array_map;
+use function array_push;
+use function array_reduce;
+use function array_unique;
+use function array_values;
+use function count;
+use function in_array;
+use function is_int;
+use function sort;
+
+use const ARRAY_FILTER_USE_KEY;
+
+final class Buffer implements TabularData
+{
+    public const INCLUDE_HEADER = 1;
+    public const EXCLUDE_HEADER = 2;
+
+    /** @var array<string>|array{} */
+    private readonly array $header;
+    /** @var array<string>|array{} */
+    private readonly array $sortedHeader;
+    /** @var array<string, null> */
+    private readonly array $nullRecord;
+    /** @var array<int, array<mixed>> */
+    private array $rows = [];
+    /** @var array<Closure(array): bool> callable collection to validate the record before insertion. */
+    private array $validators = [];
+    /** @var array<Closure(array): array> collection of Closure to format the record before reading. */
+    private array $formatters = [];
+
+    /**
+     * @param list<string>|array{} $header
+     *
+     * @throws SyntaxError
+     */
+    public function __construct(array $header = [])
+    {
+        $this->header = match (true) {
+            !array_is_list($header) => throw new SyntaxError('The header must be a list of unique column names.'),
+            $header !== array_filter($header, is_string(...)) => throw SyntaxError::dueToInvalidHeaderColumnNames(),
+            $header !== array_unique($header) => throw SyntaxError::dueToDuplicateHeaderColumnNames($header),
+            default => $header,
+        };
+        sort($header);
+        $this->sortedHeader = $header;
+        $this->nullRecord = array_fill_keys($this->header, null);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a new instance from a tabular data implementing object.
+     *
+     * @throws RuntimeException|SyntaxError If the column names can not be found
+     */
+    public static function from(PDOStatement|Result|mysqli_result|SQLite3Result|TabularData|TabularDataProvider $dataStorage, int $options = self::INCLUDE_HEADER): self
+    {
+        if ($dataStorage instanceof TabularDataProvider) {
+            $dataStorage = $dataStorage->getTabularData();
+        }
+
+        /** @var Iterator<int, array> $rows */
+        $rows = $dataStorage instanceof TabularData ? $dataStorage->getRecords() : RdbmsResult::rows($dataStorage);
+        $instance = new self(array_values(match (true) {
+            self::EXCLUDE_HEADER === $options => [],
+            $dataStorage instanceof TabularData => $dataStorage->getHeader(),
+            default => RdbmsResult::columnNames($dataStorage),
+        }));
+
+        /**
+         * @var int $offset
+         * @var list<mixed> $row
+         */
+        foreach (new MapIterator($rows, fn (array $record): array => array_values($record)) as $offset => $row) {
+            $instance->rows[$offset] = $row;
+        }
+
+        return $instance;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @throws CannotInsertRecord
+     * @throws Exception
+     */
+    public function to(TabularDataWriter $dataStorage, int $options = self::INCLUDE_HEADER): int
+    {
+        $bytes = 0;
+        $header = $this->getHeader();
+        if (self::INCLUDE_HEADER === $options && [] !== $header) {
+            $bytes += $dataStorage->insertOne($header);
+        }
+
+        return $bytes + $dataStorage->insertAll($this->getRecords());
+    }
+
+    public function isEmpty(): bool
+    {
+        return [] === $this->rows;
+    }
+
+    public function hasHeader(): bool
+    {
+        return [] !== $this->header;
+    }
+
+    public function recordCount(): int
+    {
+        return count($this->rows);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return list<string>|array{}
+     */
+    public function getHeader(): array
+    {
+        return $this->header;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @throws SyntaxError
+     *
+     * @return Iterator<int, array>
+     */
+    public function getRecords(array $header = []): Iterator
+    {
+        $header = match (true) {
+            [] === $header => $this->header,
+            $header !== array_filter($header, is_int(...), ARRAY_FILTER_USE_KEY) => throw new SyntaxError('The header must be a list of unique column names.'),
+            $header !== array_filter($header, is_string(...)) => throw SyntaxError::dueToInvalidHeaderColumnNames(),
+            $header !== array_unique($header) => throw SyntaxError::dueToDuplicateHeaderColumnNames($header),
+            default => $header,
+        };
+
+        return MapIterator::fromIterable($this->rows, fn (array $row): array => $this->rowToRecord($row, $header));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @template T of object
+     * @param class-string<T> $className
+     * @param array<string> $header
+     *
+     * @throws Exception
+     * @throws MappingFailed
+     * @throws TypeCastingFailed
+     *
+     * @return iterator<T>
+     */
+    public function getRecordsAsObject(string $className, array $header = []): Iterator
+    {
+        return Denormalizer::assignAll($className, $this->getRecords($header), [] === $header ? $this->header : $header);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Run a map over each container members.
+     *
+     * @template TMap
+     *
+     * @param callable(array, int): TMap $callback
+     *
+     * @throws SyntaxError
+     *
+     * @return Iterator<TMap>
+     */
+    public function map(callable $callback): Iterator
+    {
+        return MapIterator::fromIterable($this->getRecords(), $callback);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param callable(TInitial|null, array<mixed>, array-key=): TInitial $callback
+     * @param TInitial|null $initial
+     *
+     * @template TInitial
+     *
+     * @throws SyntaxError
+     *
+     * @return TInitial|null
+     */
+    public function reduce(callable $callback, mixed $initial = null): mixed
+    {
+        foreach ($this->getRecords() as $offset => $record) {
+            $initial = $callback($initial, $record, $offset);
+        }
+
+        return $initial;
+    }
+
+    public function inferSchema(?Inspector $inspector = null, array $header = []): Schema
+    {
+        return ($inspector ?? Inspector::default())->schema($this, $header);
+    }
+
+    public function inferRecords(?Inspector $inspector = null, array $header = []): Iterator
+    {
+        return $this->inferSchema($inspector, $header)->parse($this);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param non-negative-int $nth
+     *
+     * @throws InvalidArgument
+     */
+    public function nth(int $nth): array
+    {
+        if ([] === ($row = $this->nthRow($nth, __METHOD__))) {
+            return [];
+        }
+
+        return $this->rowToRecord($row, $this->header);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @template T of object
+     *
+     * @param non-negative-int $nth
+     * @param class-string<T> $className
+     * @param array<string> $header
+     *
+     * @throws InvalidArgument
+     * @throws ReflectionException
+     */
+    public function nthAsObject(int $nth, string $className, array $header = []): ?object
+    {
+        if ([] === ($row = $this->nthRow($nth, __METHOD__))) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return Denormalizer::assign($className, $this->rowToRecord($row, [] !== $header ? $header : $this->header));
+    }
+
+    public function firstOffset(): ?int
+    {
+        return array_key_first($this->rows);
+    }
+
+    public function first(): array
+    {
+        return null === ($offset = $this->firstOffset()) ? [] : $this->rowToRecord($this->rows[$offset], $this->header);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param class-string $className
+     * @param array<string> $header
+     *
+     * @throws ReflectionException
+     */
+    public function firstAsObject(string $className, array $header = []): ?object
+    {
+        $offset = $this->firstOffset();
+        if (null === $offset) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $row =  $this->rows[$offset] ?? [];
+        if ([] === $row) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return Denormalizer::assign($className, $this->rowToRecord($row, [] !== $header ? $header : $this->header));
+    }
+
+    public function lastOffset(): ?int
+    {
+        return array_key_last($this->rows);
+    }
+
+    public function last(): array
+    {
+        return null === ($offset = $this->lastOffset()) ? [] : $this->rowToRecord($this->rows[$offset], $this->header);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param class-string $className
+     * @param array<string> $header
+     *
+     * @throws ReflectionException
+     */
+    public function lastAsObject(string $className, array $header = []): ?object
+    {
+        $offset = $this->lastOffset();
+        if (null === $offset) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        $row =  $this->rows[$offset] ?? [];
+        if ([] === $row) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return Denormalizer::assign($className, $this->rowToRecord($row, [] !== $header ? $header : $this->header));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @throws InvalidArgument
+     */
+    private function nthRow(int $nth, string $method): array
+    {
+        -1 < $nth || throw InvalidArgument::dueToInvalidRecordOffset($nth, $method);
+        if (null === ($first = $this->firstOffset())) {
+            return [];
+        }
+
+        $offset = $first + $nth;
+        if (!array_key_exists($offset, $this->rows)) {
+            return [];
+        }
+
+        return $this->rows[$nth + $first];
+    }
+
+    public function fetchColumn(int|string $index = 0): Iterator
+    {
+        if (is_int($index)) {
+            $index > -1 || throw InvalidArgument::dueToInvalidColumnIndex($index, 'offset', __METHOD__);
+            [] === $this->header || array_key_exists($index, $this->header) || throw InvalidArgument::dueToInvalidColumnIndex($index, 'name', __METHOD__);
+
+            $iterator = new MapIterator($this->getRecords(), fn (array $row) => array_values($row));
+            $iterator = new CallbackFilterIterator($iterator, fn (array $row) => array_key_exists($index, $row));
+
+            return new MapIterator($iterator, fn (array $row) => $row[$index]);
+        }
+
+        [] !== $this->header || throw InvalidArgument::dueToInvalidColumnIndex($index, 'name', __METHOD__);
+        in_array($index, $this->header, true) || throw InvalidArgument::dueToInvalidColumnIndex($index, 'name', __METHOD__);
+
+        $iterator = new CallbackFilterIterator($this->getRecords(), fn (array $row) => array_key_exists($index, $row));
+
+        return new MapIterator($iterator, fn (array $row) => $row[$index]);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a record validator.
+     *
+     * @param callable(array): bool $validator
+     */
+    public function addValidator(callable $validator, string $name): self
+    {
+        $this->validators[$name] = !$validator instanceof Closure ? $validator(...) : $validator;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a record formatter.
+     *
+     * @param callable(array): array $formatter
+     */
+    public function addFormatter(callable $formatter): self
+    {
+        $this->formatters[] = !$formatter instanceof Closure ? $formatter(...) : $formatter;
+
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @throws CannotInsertRecord
+     */
+    public function insert(array ...$records): int
+    {
+        [] !== $records || throw CannotInsertRecord::triggerOnValidation('@buffer_record_validation_on_insert', $records);
+
+        array_push($this->rows, ...array_map($this->formatInsertRecord(...), $records));
+
+        return count($records);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @throws CannotInsertRecord
+     * @throws SyntaxError
+     */
+    public function update(Predicate|Closure|callable $where, array $record): int
+    {
+        $record = $this->filterUpdateRecord($record);
+        $updateRecord = function (array $row) use ($record): array {
+            foreach ($record as $index => $value) {
+                $row[$index] = $value;
+            }
+
+            return $this->validateRecord($row);
+        };
+
+        $affectedRecords = 0;
+        /** @var Iterator<int, array> $iterator */
+        $iterator = new MapIterator(new CallbackFilterIterator($this->getRecords(), $this->filterPredicate($where)), $updateRecord);
+        foreach ($iterator as $offset => $row) {
+            $this->rows[$offset] = $row;
+            $affectedRecords++;
+        }
+
+        return $affectedRecords;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @throws SyntaxError
+     */
+    public function delete(Predicate|Closure|callable $where): int
+    {
+        $affectedRecords = 0;
+        foreach (new CallbackFilterIterator($this->getRecords(), $this->filterPredicate($where)) as $offset => $row) {
+            unset($this->rows[$offset]);
+            $affectedRecords++;
+        }
+
+        return $affectedRecords;
+    }
+
+    public function truncate(): void
+    {
+        $this->rows = [];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @throws CannotInsertRecord
+     */
+    private function formatInsertRecord(array $record): array
+    {
+        $this->filterInsertRecord($record) || throw CannotInsertRecord::triggerOnValidation('@buffer_record_validation_on_insert', $record);
+
+        return $this->validateRecord(match (true) {
+            [] === $this->header => !array_is_list($record) ? array_values($record) : $record,
+            array_is_list($record) => array_combine($this->header, $record),
+            default => [...$this->nullRecord, ...$record],
+        });
+    }
+
+    private function filterInsertRecord(array $record): bool
+    {
+        if ([] === $this->header) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        if (array_is_list($record)) {
+            return count($record) === count($this->header);
+        }
+
+        $keys = array_keys($record);
+        sort($keys);
+
+        return $keys === $this->sortedHeader;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @throws CannotInsertRecord
+     */
+    private function filterUpdateRecord(array $record): array
+    {
+        [] !== $record || throw CannotInsertRecord::triggerOnValidation('@buffer_record_validation_on_update', $record);
+        if (array_is_list($record)) {
+            return $this->rowToRecord($record, $this->header);
+        }
+
+        $keys = array_keys($record);
+
+        return match (true) {
+            $keys === array_filter($keys, is_int(...)) => $record,
+            $keys !== array_filter($keys, is_string(...)),
+            [] !== array_diff($keys, $this->header) => throw CannotInsertRecord::triggerOnValidation('@buffer_record_validation_on_update', $record),
+            default => $record,
+        };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Validates a record.
+     *
+     * @throws CannotInsertRecord If the validation failed
+     */
+    private function validateRecord(array $record): array
+    {
+        $record = array_reduce($this->formatters, fn (array $record, callable $formatter): array => $formatter($record), $record);
+        foreach ($this->validators as $name => $validator) {
+            true === $validator($record) || throw CannotInsertRecord::triggerOnValidation($name, $record);
+        }
+
+        return !array_is_list($record) ? array_values($record) : $record;
+    }
+
+    private function filterPredicate(Predicate|Closure|callable $predicate): Predicate
+    {
+        return !$predicate instanceof Predicate ? Criteria::all($predicate) : $predicate;
+    }
+
+    private function rowToRecord(array $row, array $header): array
+    {
+        if ([] === $header) {
+            return $row;
+        }
+
+        $record = [];
+        foreach ($header as $offset => $headerName) {
+            $record[$headerName] = $row[$offset] ?? null;
+        }
+
+        return $record;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/BufferTest.php b/src/BufferTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e373f7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/BufferTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,836 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * League.Csv (https://csv.thephpleague.com)
+ *
+ * (c) Ignace Nyamagana Butera <nyamsprod@gmail.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view the LICENSE
+ * file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+use League\Csv\Buffer;
+use League\Csv\CannotInsertRecord;
+use League\Csv\InvalidArgument;
+use League\Csv\Query\Constraint\Column;
+use League\Csv\Query\Constraint\Offset;
+use League\Csv\Reader;
+use League\Csv\Writer;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\CoversClass;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\Test;
+use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
+
+#[CoversClass(Buffer::class)]
+final class BufferTest extends TestCase
+{
+    #[Test]
+    public function it_will_create_a_datable_with_a_header(): void
+    {
+        $header = ['date', 'temperature', 'place'];
+        $buffer = new Buffer($header);
+        $buffer->insert(
+            ['2011-01-01', '1', 'Galway'],
+            ['2011-01-02', '-1', 'Galway'],
+            ['2011-01-03', '0', 'Galway'],
+            ['2011-01-01', '6', 'Berkeley'],
+            ['2011-01-02', '8', 'Berkeley'],
+            ['2011-01-03', '5', 'Berkeley'],
+        );
+
+        self::assertSame($header, $buffer->getHeader());
+        self::assertSame(
+            ['date' => '2011-01-01', 'temperature' => '1', 'place' => 'Galway'],
+            $buffer->nth(0)
+        );
+        self::assertSame(6, $buffer->recordCount());
+        self::assertTrue($buffer->hasHeader());
+        self::assertFalse($buffer->isEmpty());
+
+        $weather = new class (new DateTimeImmutable(), 6, 'Brussels') {
+            public function __construct(
+                public readonly DateTimeImmutable $date,
+                public readonly int $temperature,
+                public readonly string $place,
+            ) {
+            }
+        };
+
+        $objStart = $buffer->nthAsObject(0, $weather::class);
+        $objEnd = $buffer->nthAsObject($buffer->recordCount() - 1, $weather::class);
+        $objFirst = $buffer->firstAsObject($weather::class);
+        $objLast = $buffer->lastAsObject($weather::class);
+
+        self::assertInstanceOf($weather::class, $objStart);
+        self::assertInstanceOf($weather::class, $objFirst);
+        self::assertInstanceOf($weather::class, $objLast);
+        self::assertSame('2011-01-01', $objStart->date->format('Y-m-d'));
+        self::assertEquals($objFirst, $objStart);
+        self::assertEquals($objLast, $objEnd);
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function it_will_create_a_datable_without_a_header(): void
+    {
+        $buffer = new Buffer();
+        self::assertSame([], $buffer->last());
+        self::assertSame([], $buffer->first());
+        self::assertNull($buffer->nthAsObject(23, stdClass::class));
+
+        $buffer->insert(
+            ['2011-01-01', '1', 'Galway'],
+            ['2011-01-02', '-1', 'Galway'],
+            ['2011-01-03', '0', 'Galway'],
+            ['2011-01-01', '6', 'Berkeley'],
+            ['2011-01-02', '8', 'Berkeley'],
+            ['2011-01-03', '5', 'Berkeley'],
+        );
+
+        self::assertSame([], $buffer->getHeader());
+        self::assertFalse($buffer->hasHeader());
+        self::assertFalse($buffer->isEmpty());
+        self::assertSame(['2011-01-01', '1', 'Galway'], $buffer->nth(0));
+        self::assertSame([], $buffer->nth(42));
+        self::assertSame(6, $buffer->recordCount());
+
+        $weather = new class (new DateTimeImmutable(), 6, 'Brussels') {
+            public function __construct(
+                public readonly DateTimeImmutable $date,
+                public readonly int $temperature,
+                public readonly string $place,
+            ) {
+            }
+        };
+
+        $obj = $buffer->firstAsObject($weather::class, ['date', 'temperature', 'place']);
+        self::assertInstanceOf($weather::class, $obj);
+        self::assertSame('2011-01-01', $obj->date->format('Y-m-d'));
+        self::assertNull($buffer->nthAsObject(42, $weather::class, ['date', 'temperature', 'place']));
+
+        $collection = $buffer->getRecordsAsObject($weather::class, ['date', 'temperature', 'place']);
+        $collection = iterator_to_array($collection);
+        self::assertInstanceOf($weather::class, $collection[0]);
+        self::assertSame('2011-01-01', $collection[0]->date->format('Y-m-d'));
+
+        $mappedCollection = $buffer->map(
+            fn (array $item) => new ($weather::class)(new DateTimeImmutable($item[0]), (int) $item[1], (string) $item[2])
+        );
+
+        $mappedCollection = iterator_to_array($mappedCollection);
+        self::assertInstanceOf($weather::class, $mappedCollection[0]);
+        self::assertSame('2011-01-01', $mappedCollection[0]->date->format('Y-m-d'));
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function it_will_only_consider_header_content_and_not_the_record_keys_and_values_1(): void
+    {
+        $header = ['date', 'temperature'];
+        $buffer = new Buffer($header);
+        $buffer->insert(
+            ['date' => '2011-01-01', 'temperature' => '1'],
+            ['date' => '2011-01-02', 'temperature' => '-1'],
+            ['date' => '2011-01-03', 'temperature' => '0'],
+            ['date' => '2011-01-01', 'temperature' => '6'],
+            ['date' => '2011-01-02', 'temperature' => '8'],
+            ['date' => '2011-01-03', 'temperature' => '5'],
+        );
+
+        self::assertSame(['date' => '2011-01-01', 'temperature' => '1'], $buffer->nth(0));
+        self::assertSame($header, $buffer->getHeader());
+        self::assertSame(6, $buffer->recordCount());
+        self::assertSame(['date' => '2011-01-03', 'temperature' => '5'], $buffer->last());
+        self::assertSame(['date' => '2011-01-01', 'temperature' => '1'], $buffer->first());
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function it_will_only_consider_header_content_and_not_the_record_keys_and_values_2(): void
+    {
+        $header = ['date', 'temperature', 'place'];
+        $buffer = new Buffer($header);
+        $buffer->insert(
+            ['date' => '2011-01-01', 'temperature' => '1', 'place' => 'Berkeley'],
+            ['date' => '2011-01-02', 'temperature' => '-1', 'place' => 'Berkeley'],
+            ['date' => '2011-01-03', 'temperature' => '0', 'place' => 'Berkeley'],
+            ['date' => '2011-01-01', 'temperature' => '6', 'place' => 'Berkeley'],
+            ['date' => '2011-01-02', 'temperature' => '8', 'place' => 'Berkeley'],
+            ['date' => '2011-01-03', 'temperature' => '5', 'place' => 'Berkeley'],
+        );
+
+        self::assertSame(['date' => '2011-01-01', 'temperature' => '1', 'place' => 'Berkeley'], $buffer->nth(0));
+        self::assertSame($header, $buffer->getHeader());
+        self::assertSame(6, $buffer->recordCount());
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function it_will_return_no_rows_if_non_rows_are_supplied(): void
+    {
+        $emptyDataTable = new Buffer();
+        self::assertFalse($emptyDataTable->hasHeader());
+        self::assertTrue($emptyDataTable->isEmpty());
+        self::assertSame([], $emptyDataTable->getHeader());
+        self::assertSame(0, $emptyDataTable->recordCount());
+
+        $header = ['foo', 'bar', 'baz'];
+        $emptyDataTableWithHeader = new Buffer(header: $header);
+
+        self::assertSame($header, $emptyDataTableWithHeader->getHeader());
+        self::assertSame(0, $emptyDataTableWithHeader->recordCount());
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function it_can_be_filled_by_inserting_new_records(): void
+    {
+        $header = ['date', 'temperature', 'place'];
+        $buffer = new Buffer($header);
+        self::assertSame(2, $buffer->insert(
+            ['2011-01-01', '1', 'Galway'],
+            ['date' => '2011-01-02', 'temperature' => '-1', 'place' => 'Berkeley'],
+        ));
+
+        self::assertSame($header, $buffer->getHeader());
+        self::assertSame(2, $buffer->recordCount());
+        self::assertSame(['date' => '2011-01-01', 'temperature' => '1', 'place' => 'Galway'], $buffer->nth(0));
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function it_can_not_be_filled_by_inserting_new_invalid_list_due_to_missing_fields(): void
+    {
+        $header = ['date', 'temperature', 'place'];
+        $buffer = new Buffer($header);
+
+        $this->expectException(CannotInsertRecord::class);
+        $buffer->insert(['2011-01-01', '1']);
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function it_can_not_be_filled_by_inserting_new_invalid_record_with_missing_fields(): void
+    {
+        $header = ['date', 'temperature', 'place'];
+        $buffer = new Buffer($header);
+
+        $this->expectException(CannotInsertRecord::class);
+        $buffer->insert(['date' => '2011-01-01', 'temperature' => '1']);
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function it_can_not_be_filled_by_inserting_new_invalid_record_with_unknown_fields(): void
+    {
+        $header = ['date', 'temperature', 'place'];
+        $buffer = new Buffer($header);
+
+        $this->expectException(CannotInsertRecord::class);
+        $buffer->insert(['date' => '2011-01-01', 'temperature' => '1', 'location' => 'Berkeley']);
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function it_can_not_be_filled_by_inserting_new_invalid_record_with_extra_fields(): void
+    {
+        $header = ['date', 'temperature', 'place'];
+        $buffer = new Buffer($header);
+
+        $this->expectException(CannotInsertRecord::class);
+        $buffer->insert(['date' => '2011-01-01', 'temperature' => '1', 'place' => 'Berkeley', 'origin' => 'station']);
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function it_can_not_be_filled_by_inserting_new_invalid_record_with_mixed_fields(): void
+    {
+        $header = ['date', 'temperature', 'place'];
+        $buffer = new Buffer($header);
+
+        $this->expectException(CannotInsertRecord::class);
+        $buffer->insert(['date' => '2011-01-01', '1', 'place' => 'Berkeley', 'origin' => 'station']);
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function it_can_not_be_filled_by_inserting_new_invalid_record_on_buffer_without_header(): void
+    {
+        $buffer = new Buffer();
+        $buffer->insert(['date' => '2011-01-01', 'temperature' => '1', 'place' => 'Berkeley', 'origin' => 'station']);
+
+        self::assertSame(1, $buffer->recordCount());
+        self::assertSame(['2011-01-01', '1', 'Berkeley', 'station'], $buffer->nth(0));
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function it_can_be_filled_by_inserting_new_record_on_buffer_without_header(): void
+    {
+        $buffer = new Buffer();
+        $buffer->insert(['2011-01-01', '1', 'Berkeley', 'station']);
+        self::assertSame(1, $buffer->recordCount());
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function it_can_be_updated_by_replacing_or_removing_records_using_its_offset(): void
+    {
+        $header = ['date', 'temperature', 'place'];
+        $buffer = new Buffer($header);
+        $buffer->insert(
+            ['date' => '2011-01-01', 'temperature' => '1', 'place' => 'Berkeley'],
+            ['date' => '2011-01-02', 'temperature' => '-1', 'place' => 'Berkeley'],
+            ['date' => '2011-01-03', 'temperature' => '0', 'place' => 'Berkeley'],
+        );
+        $buffer->insert(
+            ['date' => '2011-01-01', 'temperature' => '6', 'place' => 'Galway'],
+            ['date' => '2011-01-02', 'temperature' => '8', 'place' => 'Galway'],
+            ['date' => '2011-01-03', 'temperature' => '5', 'place' => 'Galway'],
+        );
+
+        self::assertSame(1, $buffer->update(fn (array $row, int $offset): bool => 0 === $offset, ['date' => '2025-02-08', 'temperature' => '3']));
+        self::assertSame(2, $buffer->delete(fn (array $row, int $offset): bool => in_array($offset, [4, 5, 4], true)));
+
+        self::assertSame($header, $buffer->getHeader());
+        self::assertSame(4, $buffer->recordCount());
+        self::assertSame(['date' => '2025-02-08', 'temperature' => '3', 'place' => 'Berkeley'], $buffer->nth(0));
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function it_can_not_insert_invalid_records(): void
+    {
+        $header = ['date', 'temperature', 'place'];
+        $buffer = new Buffer($header);
+
+        $this->expectException(CannotInsertRecord::class);
+
+        $buffer->insert(['foo' => 'bar']);
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function it_can_not_insert_without_records(): void
+    {
+        $header = ['date', 'temperature', 'place'];
+        $buffer = new Buffer($header);
+
+        $this->expectException(CannotInsertRecord::class);
+        $buffer->insert();
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function it_can_not_unshift_invalid_records(): void
+    {
+        $header = ['date', 'temperature', 'place'];
+        $buffer = new Buffer($header);
+
+        $this->expectException(CannotInsertRecord::class);
+
+        $buffer->insert(['foo' => 'bar']);
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function it_can_be_used_with_sqlite3(): void
+    {
+        $db = new SQLite3('');
+        $tableCreateQuery = <<<SQL
+        CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS users (
+            id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
+            name TEXT NOT NULL,
+            email TEXT NOT NULL UNIQUE
+        );
+SQL;
+        $db->exec($tableCreateQuery);
+        $seedData = [
+            ['name' => 'Ronnie', 'email' => 'ronnie@example.com'],
+            ['name' => 'Bobby', 'email' => 'bobby@example.com'],
+            ['name' => 'Ricky', 'email' => 'ricky@example.com'],
+            ['name' => 'Mike', 'email' => 'mike@example.com'],
+            ['name' => 'Ralph', 'email' => 'ralph@example.com'],
+            ['name' => 'Johnny', 'email' => 'johnny@example.com'],
+        ];
+
+        $stmt = $db->prepare('INSERT INTO users (name, email) VALUES (:name, :email)');
+        if (!$stmt instanceof SQLite3Stmt) {
+            throw new SQLite3Exception('Unable to prepare statement');
+        }
+
+        foreach ($seedData as $data) {
+            $stmt->bindValue(':name', $data['name']);
+            $stmt->bindValue(':email', $data['email']);
+            $stmt->execute();
+        }
+
+        /** @var SQLite3Stmt $stmt */
+        $stmt = $db->prepare('SELECT * FROM users');
+        /** @var SQLite3Result $result */
+        $result = $stmt->execute();
+        $tabularData = Buffer::from($result);
+
+        self::assertSame(['id', 'name', 'email'], $tabularData->getHeader());
+        self::assertSame(6, $tabularData->recordCount());
+        self::assertSame(
+            [1, 'Ronnie', 'ronnie@example.com'],
+            Buffer::from($tabularData, Buffer::EXCLUDE_HEADER)->nth(0)
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function it_can_be_used_with_sqlite3_and_strip_header(): void
+    {
+        $db = new SQLite3('');
+        $tableCreateQuery = <<<SQL
+        CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS users (
+            id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
+            name TEXT NOT NULL,
+            email TEXT NOT NULL UNIQUE
+        );
+SQL;
+        $db->exec($tableCreateQuery);
+        $seedData = [
+            ['name' => 'Ronnie', 'email' => 'ronnie@example.com'],
+            ['name' => 'Bobby', 'email' => 'bobby@example.com'],
+            ['name' => 'Ricky', 'email' => 'ricky@example.com'],
+            ['name' => 'Mike', 'email' => 'mike@example.com'],
+            ['name' => 'Ralph', 'email' => 'ralph@example.com'],
+            ['name' => 'Johnny', 'email' => 'johnny@example.com'],
+        ];
+
+        $stmt = $db->prepare('INSERT INTO users (name, email) VALUES (:name, :email)');
+        if (!$stmt instanceof SQLite3Stmt) {
+            throw new SQLite3Exception('Unable to prepare statement');
+        }
+
+        foreach ($seedData as $data) {
+            $stmt->bindValue(':name', $data['name']);
+            $stmt->bindValue(':email', $data['email']);
+            $stmt->execute();
+        }
+
+        /** @var SQLite3Stmt $stmt */
+        $stmt = $db->prepare('SELECT * FROM users');
+        /** @var SQLite3Result $result */
+        $result = $stmt->execute();
+        $tabularData = Buffer::from($result, Buffer::EXCLUDE_HEADER);
+
+        self::assertSame([], $tabularData->getHeader());
+        self::assertSame(6, $tabularData->recordCount());
+        self::assertSame(
+            [1, 'Ronnie', 'ronnie@example.com'],
+            Buffer::from($tabularData)->nth(0)
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function it_can_be_used_with_pdo(): void
+    {
+        $connection = new PDO('sqlite::memory:');
+        $tableCreateQuery = <<<SQL
+    CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS users (
+        id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
+        name TEXT NOT NULL,
+        email TEXT NOT NULL UNIQUE
+    );
+SQL;
+        $connection->exec($tableCreateQuery);
+        $seedData = [
+            ['name' => 'Ronnie', 'email' => 'ronnie@example.com'],
+            ['name' => 'Bobby', 'email' => 'bobby@example.com'],
+            ['name' => 'Ricky', 'email' => 'ricky@example.com'],
+            ['name' => 'Mike', 'email' => 'mike@example.com'],
+            ['name' => 'Ralph', 'email' => 'ralph@example.com'],
+            ['name' => 'Johnny', 'email' => 'johnny@example.com'],
+        ];
+
+        $stmt = $connection->prepare('INSERT INTO users (name, email) VALUES (:name, :email)');
+        foreach ($seedData as $data) {
+            $stmt->bindValue(':name', $data['name']);
+            $stmt->bindValue(':email', $data['email']);
+            $stmt->execute();
+        }
+
+        $stmt = $connection->prepare('SELECT * FROM users');
+        $stmt->execute();
+        $tabularData = Buffer::from($stmt);
+
+        self::assertSame(['id', 'name', 'email'], $tabularData->getHeader());
+        self::assertSame(6, $tabularData->recordCount());
+        self::assertSame(['id' => 1, 'name' => 'Ronnie', 'email' => 'ronnie@example.com'], $tabularData->nth(0));
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function it_can_be_used_with_pdo_without_storing_the_header(): void
+    {
+        $connection = new PDO('sqlite::memory:');
+        $tableCreateQuery = <<<SQL
+    CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS users (
+        id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
+        name TEXT NOT NULL,
+        email TEXT NOT NULL UNIQUE
+    );
+SQL;
+        $connection->exec($tableCreateQuery);
+        $seedData = [
+            ['name' => 'Ronnie', 'email' => 'ronnie@example.com'],
+            ['name' => 'Bobby', 'email' => 'bobby@example.com'],
+            ['name' => 'Ricky', 'email' => 'ricky@example.com'],
+            ['name' => 'Mike', 'email' => 'mike@example.com'],
+            ['name' => 'Ralph', 'email' => 'ralph@example.com'],
+            ['name' => 'Johnny', 'email' => 'johnny@example.com'],
+        ];
+
+        $stmt = $connection->prepare('INSERT INTO users (name, email) VALUES (:name, :email)');
+        foreach ($seedData as $data) {
+            $stmt->bindValue(':name', $data['name']);
+            $stmt->bindValue(':email', $data['email']);
+            $stmt->execute();
+        }
+
+        $stmt = $connection->prepare('SELECT * FROM users');
+        $stmt->execute();
+        $tabularData = Buffer::from($stmt, Buffer::EXCLUDE_HEADER);
+
+        self::assertSame([], $tabularData->getHeader());
+        self::assertSame(6, $tabularData->recordCount());
+        self::assertSame([1, 'Ronnie', 'ronnie@example.com'], $tabularData->nth(0));
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function it_implements_array_access_getter_methods_with_header(): void
+    {
+        $buffer = new Buffer(['date', 'temperature', 'place']);
+        $buffer->insert(
+            ['date' => '2011-01-01', 'temperature' => '1', 'place' => null],
+            ['date' => '2011-01-02', 'temperature' => '-1', 'place' => 'Berkeley'],
+            ['date' => '2011-01-03', 'temperature' => '0', 'place' => 'Berkeley'],
+            ['date' => '2011-01-01', 'temperature' => '6', 'place' => 'Galway'],
+            ['date' => '2011-01-02', 'temperature' => '8', 'place' => 'Galway'],
+            ['date' => '2011-01-03', 'temperature' => '5', 'place' => 'Galway'],
+        );
+
+        self::assertSame(['date' => '2011-01-01', 'temperature' => '1', 'place' => null], $buffer->nth(0));
+        self::assertNotEmpty($buffer->nth(5));
+        self::assertEmpty($buffer->nth(42));
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function it_throws_an_exception_on_negative_offset(): void
+    {
+        $buffer = new Buffer(['date', 'temperature', 'place']);
+        $this->expectException(InvalidArgument::class);
+
+        $buffer->nth(-1); /* @phpstan-ignore-line */
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function it_returns_an_empty_array_if_no_record_is_present(): void
+    {
+        $buffer = new Buffer(['date', 'temperature', 'place']);
+
+        self::assertSame([], $buffer->nth(0));
+        self::assertSame([], $buffer->nth(42));
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function it_implements_array_access_getter_methods_without_header(): void
+    {
+        $buffer = new Buffer();
+        $buffer->insert(
+            ['2011-01-01', '1'],
+            ['2011-01-02', '-1'],
+            ['2011-01-03', '0'],
+            ['2011-01-01', '6'],
+            ['2011-01-02', '8'],
+            ['2011-01-03', '5'],
+        );
+
+        self::assertSame(['2011-01-01', '1'], $buffer->nth(0));
+        self::assertNotEmpty($buffer->nth(5));
+        self::assertEmpty($buffer->nth(42));
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function it_can_update_the_buffer_using_a_record_as_a_list(): void
+    {
+        $buffer = new Buffer(['date', 'temperature', 'place']);
+        $buffer->insert(
+            ['date' => '2011-01-01', 'temperature' => '1', 'place' => 'Galway'],
+            ['date' => '2011-01-02', 'temperature' => '-1', 'place' => 'Berkeley'],
+            ['date' => '2011-01-03', 'temperature' => '0', 'place' => 'Galway'],
+            ['date' => '2011-01-01', 'temperature' => '6', 'place' => 'Berkeley'],
+            ['date' => '2011-01-02', 'temperature' => '8', 'place' => 'Galway'],
+            ['date' => '2011-01-03', 'temperature' => '5', 'place' => 'Berkeley'],
+        );
+
+        self::assertSame(0, $buffer->update(Offset::filterOn('=', 42), ['2011-01-01', '1', 'bujumbura']));
+        self::assertSame(1, $buffer->update(Offset::filterOn('=', 0), ['2011-01-01', '1', 'bujumbura']));
+        self::assertSame(['date' => '2011-01-01', 'temperature' => '1', 'place' => 'bujumbura'], $buffer->nth(0));
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function it_can_update_the_buffer_using_a_record_as_a_list_on_a_buffer_without_header(): void
+    {
+        $buffer = new Buffer();
+        $buffer->insert(
+            ['2011-01-01', '1', 'Galway'],
+            ['2011-01-02', '-1', 'Berkeley'],
+            ['2011-01-03', '0', 'Galway'],
+            ['2011-01-01', '6', 'Berkeley'],
+            ['2011-01-02', '8', 'Galway'],
+            ['2011-01-03', '5', 'Berkeley'],
+        );
+
+        self::assertSame(0, $buffer->update(Offset::filterOn('=', 42), ['2011-01-01', '1', 'bujumbura']));
+        self::assertSame(1, $buffer->update(Offset::filterOn('=', 0), [2 => 'bujumbura']));
+        self::assertSame(['2011-01-01', '1', 'bujumbura'], $buffer->nth(0));
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function it_can_delete_the_buffer_records_using_a_closure(): void
+    {
+        $buffer = new Buffer(['date', 'temperature', 'place']);
+        $buffer->insert(
+            ['date' => '2011-01-01', 'temperature' => '1', 'place' => 'Berkeley'],
+            ['date' => '2011-01-02', 'temperature' => '-1', 'place' => 'Galway'],
+            ['date' => '2011-01-03', 'temperature' => '0', 'place' => 'Berkeley'],
+            ['date' => '2011-01-01', 'temperature' => '6', 'place' => 'Galway'],
+            ['date' => '2011-01-02', 'temperature' => '8', 'place' => 'Berkeley'],
+            ['date' => '2011-01-03', 'temperature' => '5', 'place' => 'Galway'],
+        );
+
+        self::assertSame(3, $buffer->delete(fn (array $record, int $offset): bool => 0 === $offset % 2));
+        self::assertSame(3, $buffer->recordCount());
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function it_can_return_a_column_by_name(): void
+    {
+        $buffer = new Buffer(['date', 'temperature', 'place']);
+        $buffer->insert(
+            ['date' => '2011-01-01', 'temperature' => '1', 'place' => 'Berkeley'],
+            ['date' => '2011-01-02', 'temperature' => '-1', 'place' => 'Galway'],
+            ['date' => '2011-01-03', 'temperature' => '0', 'place' => 'Galway'],
+            ['date' => '2011-01-01', 'temperature' => '6', 'place' => 'Galway'],
+            ['date' => '2011-01-02', 'temperature' => '8', 'place' => 'Berkeley'],
+            ['date' => '2011-01-03', 'temperature' => '5', 'place' => 'Berkeley'],
+        );
+
+        self::assertSame(
+            ['2011-01-01', '2011-01-02', '2011-01-03', '2011-01-01', '2011-01-02', '2011-01-03'],
+            iterator_to_array($buffer->fetchColumn('date'))
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function it_can_return_a_column_by_offset(): void
+    {
+        $buffer = new Buffer();
+        $buffer->insert(
+            ['2011-01-01', '1'],
+            ['2011-01-02', '-1'],
+            ['2011-01-03', '0'],
+            ['2011-01-01', '6'],
+            ['2011-01-02', '8'],
+            ['2011-01-03', '5'],
+        );
+
+        self::assertSame(
+            ['2011-01-01', '2011-01-02', '2011-01-03', '2011-01-01', '2011-01-02', '2011-01-03'],
+            iterator_to_array($buffer->fetchColumn())
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function it_can_return_a_column_by_offset_even_when_theres_a_header(): void
+    {
+        $buffer = new Buffer(['date', 'temperature', 'place']);
+        $buffer->insert(
+            ['date' => '2011-01-01', 'temperature' => '1', 'place' => 'Berkeley'],
+            ['date' => '2011-01-02', 'temperature' => '-1', 'place' => 'Berkeley'],
+            ['date' => '2011-01-03', 'temperature' => '0', 'place' => 'Galway'],
+            ['date' => '2011-01-01', 'temperature' => '6', 'place' => 'Berkeley'],
+            ['date' => '2011-01-02', 'temperature' => '8', 'place' => 'Galway'],
+            ['date' => '2011-01-03', 'temperature' => '5', 'place' => 'Berkeley'],
+        );
+
+        self::assertSame(
+            ['2011-01-01', '2011-01-02', '2011-01-03', '2011-01-01', '2011-01-02', '2011-01-03'],
+            iterator_to_array($buffer->fetchColumn())
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function it_will_store_the_buffer_with_its_header(): void
+    {
+        $buffer = new Buffer(['date', 'temperature']);
+        $buffer->insert(
+            ['2011-01-01', '1'],
+            ['2011-01-02', '-1'],
+        );
+
+        $writer = Writer::fromString();
+        $res = $buffer->to($writer);
+
+        self::assertSame(44, $res);
+        self::assertSame("date,temperature\n2011-01-01,1\n2011-01-02,-1\n", $writer->toString());
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function it_will_store_the_buffer_without_its_header(): void
+    {
+        $buffer = new Buffer(['date', 'temperature']);
+        $buffer->insert(
+            ['2011-01-01', '1'],
+            ['2011-01-02', '-1'],
+        );
+
+        $writer = Writer::fromString();
+        $res = $buffer->to($writer, Buffer::EXCLUDE_HEADER);
+
+        self::assertSame(27, $res);
+        self::assertSame("2011-01-01,1\n2011-01-02,-1\n", $writer->toString());
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function it_will_store_the_buffer_without_its_header_if_none_exists(): void
+    {
+        $buffer = new Buffer();
+        $buffer->insert(
+            ['2011-01-01', '1'],
+            ['2011-01-02', '-1'],
+        );
+
+        $writer = Writer::fromString();
+        $res = $buffer->to($writer);
+
+        self::assertSame(27, $res);
+        self::assertSame("2011-01-01,1\n2011-01-02,-1\n", $writer->toString());
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function it_can_validate_a_record_on_insertion(): void
+    {
+        $buffer = new Buffer();
+        $buffer->addValidator(fn (array $row): bool => $row[1] >= 0, 'func1');
+
+        $this->expectExceptionObject(CannotInsertRecord::triggerOnValidation('func1', ['column1', -1]));
+
+        $buffer->insert(['column1', 1]);
+        $buffer->insert(['column1', -1]);
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function it_can_validate_a_record_on_update(): void
+    {
+        $buffer = new Buffer();
+        $buffer->addValidator(fn (array $row): bool => $row[1] >= 0, 'func1');
+
+        $this->expectExceptionObject(CannotInsertRecord::triggerOnValidation('func1', ['column1', -1]));
+
+        $buffer->insert(['column1', 1]);
+        $buffer->update(fn (array $row, int $offset): bool => 0 === $offset, [1 => -1]);
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function it_can_re_order_the_fields_using_the_header(): void
+    {
+        $buffer = new Buffer();
+        $buffer->insert(
+            ['moko', 'mibalé', 'misató'],
+            ['un', 'deux', 'trois'],
+            ['one', 'two', 'three'],
+            ['unos', 'dos', 'tres'],
+        );
+
+        $res = iterator_to_array($buffer->getRecords([2 => 'column 1', 1 => 'column 2', 0 => 'column 3']));
+        self::assertSame(['column 1' => 'misató', 'column 2' => 'mibalé', 'column 3' => 'moko'], $res[0]);
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function it_fails_to_update_a_record_with_no_record(): void
+    {
+        $buffer = new Buffer();
+        $buffer->insert(
+            ['moko', 'mibalé', 'misató'],
+            ['un', 'deux', 'trois'],
+            ['one', 'two', 'three'],
+            ['unos', 'dos', 'tres'],
+        );
+
+        $this->expectException(CannotInsertRecord::class);
+        $buffer->update(fn (array $row, int $offset): bool => 1 === $offset, []);
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function it_can_format_the_data_inserted(): void
+    {
+        $buffer = new Buffer();
+        $buffer->addFormatter(fn (array $row): array => array_map(strtoupper(...), $row));
+        $buffer->insert(['jane', 'doe']);
+        self::assertSame(['JANE', 'DOE'], $buffer->nth(0));
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function it_formats_the_data_before_validation(): void
+    {
+        $buffer = new Buffer();
+        $buffer->addFormatter(fn (array $row): array => array_map(strtoupper(...), $row));
+        $buffer->addValidator(fn (array $row): bool => strtolower((string) $row[1]) === $row[1], 'func1');
+
+        $this->expectException(CannotInsertRecord::class);
+        $buffer->insert(['jane', 'doe']);
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function it_makes_a_difference_between_record_offset_first_and_last(): void
+    {
+        $csv = <<<CSV
+date,temperature,place
+2011-01-01,1,Galway
+2011-01-02,-1,Galway
+2011-01-03,0,Galway
+2011-01-01,6,Berkeley
+2011-01-02,8,Berkeley
+2011-01-03,5,Berkeley
+CSV;
+
+        $document = Reader::fromString($csv);
+        $document->setHeaderOffset(0);
+
+        $buffer = Buffer::from($document->slice(2, 3));
+        $bufferAsArray = iterator_to_array($buffer->getRecords());
+        $firstRecord = ['date' => '2011-01-03', 'temperature' => '0', 'place' => 'Galway'];
+        $lastRecord = ['date' => '2011-01-02', 'temperature' => '8', 'place' => 'Berkeley'];
+
+        self::assertSame($firstRecord, $buffer->first());
+        //offset 3 based on the original CSV document
+        $index1 = $buffer->firstOffset();
+        self::assertIsInt($index1);
+        self::assertSame($firstRecord, $bufferAsArray[$index1]);
+        self::assertSame($lastRecord, $buffer->last());
+        //offset 5 based on the original CSV document
+        $index2 = $buffer->lastOffset();
+        self::assertIsInt($index2);
+        self::assertSame($lastRecord, $bufferAsArray[$index2]);
+
+        //delete all records except the first record!
+        $buffer->delete(Column::filterOn('temperature', '<>', '0'));
+        $index3 = $buffer->firstOffset();
+        self::assertIsInt($index3);
+        self::assertSame($firstRecord, $bufferAsArray[$index3]);
+
+        $index4 = $buffer->lastOffset();
+        self::assertIsInt($index4);
+        self::assertSame($firstRecord, $bufferAsArray[$index4]);
+    }
+
+    #[Test]
+    public function it_implements_the_truncate_method(): void
+    {
+        $buffer = new Buffer(['date', 'temperature', 'place']);
+        $buffer->insert(
+            ['date' => '2011-01-01', 'temperature' => '1', 'place' => null],
+            ['date' => '2011-01-02', 'temperature' => '-1', 'place' => 'Berkeley'],
+            ['date' => '2011-01-03', 'temperature' => '0', 'place' => 'Berkeley'],
+            ['date' => '2011-01-01', 'temperature' => '6', 'place' => 'Galway'],
+            ['date' => '2011-01-02', 'temperature' => '8', 'place' => 'Galway'],
+            ['date' => '2011-01-03', 'temperature' => '5', 'place' => 'Galway'],
+        );
+
+        self::assertFalse($buffer->isEmpty());
+        self::assertTrue($buffer->hasHeader());
+
+        $buffer->truncate();
+
+        self::assertTrue($buffer->isEmpty());
+        self::assertTrue($buffer->hasHeader());
+    }
+}