Heap's Algorithm generates each permutation by swapping two elements of a working array in place, and that working array was the argument itself, so permutationsHeap([1, 2, 3]) left the caller holding [3, 2, 1]. Two calls on one array returned different lists, and a frozen array threw. Copy the input up front and swap on the copy, as shuffle and numericSort already do. The returned permutations are unchanged.