diff --git a/cli/test.yaml b/cli/test.yaml
index c669f75..809d68c 100644
--- a/cli/test.yaml
+++ b/cli/test.yaml
@@ -2407,29 +2407,6 @@
     "/a,b/c/d/e,f/"
     ",/ /a/,/b/,/ /c/,/ /d/,/ /e/,/f/,/ "
 
-- name: split/1 function against empty string
-  args:
-    - -c
-    - '.[] as $t | .[] as $s | $s | split($t)'
-  input: '["abc", "a", "b", ""]'
-  expected: |
-    ["",""]
-    ["a"]
-    ["b"]
-    []
-    ["","bc"]
-    ["",""]
-    ["b"]
-    []
-    ["a","c"]
-    ["a"]
-    ["",""]
-    []
-    ["a","b","c"]
-    ["a"]
-    ["b"]
-    []
-
 - name: join function
   args:
     - 'join(",")'
@@ -3608,16 +3585,6 @@
   expected: |
     8
 
-- name: reduce with assignment of multiple paths in update
-  args:
-    - -c
-    - 'reduce (1,2) as $i (.; (.[0], .[.[0]]) = $i),
-       reduce (1,2) as $i (.; (.[0], .[.[0]]) |= $i)'
-  input: '[0,0,0]'
-  expected: |
-    [2,2,0]
-    [2,2,0]
-
 - name: reduce with query in start
   args:
     - 'reduce range(5) as $x (range(3); . + $x)'
@@ -3642,68 +3609,6 @@
   expected: |
     [[1,1],[1]]
 
-- name: reduce with assignment in update
-  args:
-    - -c
-    - 'reduce range(3) as $i ({}; .[$i|tostring] = {}),
-       reduce range(3) as $i ({}; .a[$i|tostring] = $i),
-       reduce range(3) as $i ([]; .[$i] = $i),
-       reduce range(3) as $i ({}; .[$i|tostring] += 1)'
-  input: 'null'
-  expected: |
-    {"0":{},"1":{},"2":{}}
-    {"a":{"0":0,"1":1,"2":2}}
-    [0,1,2]
-    {"0":1,"1":1,"2":1}
-
-- name: reduce with assignment of the accumulated value
-  args:
-    - -c
-    - 'reduce range(3) as $i ({}; .a = .),
-       reduce range(3) as $i ({}; .a = {v: .}),
-       reduce range(3) as $i ({}; . as $p | .a = $i | .b = $p)'
-  input: 'null'
-  expected: |
-    {"a":{"a":{"a":{}}}}
-    {"a":{"v":{"a":{"v":{"a":{"v":{}}}}}}}
-    {"a":2,"b":{"a":1,"b":{"a":0,"b":{}}}}
-
-- name: reduce with assignment of multiple values
-  args:
-    - -c
-    - 'reduce range(2) as $i ({"k":"k"}; .[.k] = ("x","y")),
-       reduce range(2) as $i ({}; (.a = 1), (.b = 2))'
-  input: 'null'
-  expected: |
-    {"k":"y","y":"y"}
-    {"b":2}
-
-- name: reduce with assignment of a shared value
-  args:
-    - -c
-    - '{"a":1} as $x | reduce range(2) as $i ({}; .[$i|tostring] = $x) |
-       [(.["0"].a = 9), $x]'
-  input: 'null'
-  expected: |
-    [{"0":{"a":9},"1":{"a":1}},{"a":1}]
-
-- name: reduce with assignment result reused
-  args:
-    - -c
-    - 'reduce range(3) as $i ({}; .[$i|tostring] = $i) as $r |
-       [($r | .["0"] = 9), $r]'
-  input: 'null'
-  expected: |
-    [{"0":9,"1":1,"2":2},{"0":0,"1":1,"2":2}]
-
-- name: foreach with assignment in update
-  args:
-    - -c
-    - '[foreach range(3) as $i ({}; .[$i|tostring] = $i)]'
-  input: 'null'
-  expected: |
-    [{"0":0},{"0":0,"1":1},{"0":0,"1":1,"2":2}]
-
 - name: foreach iterator
   args:
     - 'foreach range(5) as $item (0; $item)'
@@ -5084,46 +4989,6 @@
   expected: |
     {"a":[{},{"b":[1,2,3]}]}
 
-- name: getpath function against string
-  args:
-    - -c
-    - '[getpath([{"start":1,"end":3}]), getpath([{"start":-2,"end":null}]), getpath([1]), getpath([])]'
-  input: '"abcde"'
-  expected: |
-    ["bc","de","b","abcde"]
-
-- name: getpath function against string in a container
-  args:
-    - -c
-    - 'getpath(["a",{"start":0,"end":2}]), getpath(["a",1])'
-  input: '{"a":"abc"}'
-  expected: |
-    "ab"
-    "b"
-
-- name: getpath function against string round trip with path function
-  args:
-    - -c
-    - '[getpath(path(.[1:3])), getpath(path(.[1]))]'
-  input: '"abcde"'
-  expected: |
-    ["bc","b"]
-
-- name: getpath function against string round trip in a container
-  args:
-    - -c
-    - '. as $d | [path(.a[0:2]), path(.b[1])] | map(. as $p | $d | getpath($p))'
-  input: '{"a":"abc","b":"xyz"}'
-  expected: |
-    ["ab","y"]
-
-- name: getpath function against string with object key
-  args:
-    - 'getpath(["k"])'
-  input: '"abc"'
-  error: |
-    getpath(["k"]) cannot be applied to "abc": expected an object but got: string ("abc")
-
 - name: getpath function error
   args:
     - 'getpath(["a",1,"b","c"])'
@@ -5156,9 +5021,9 @@
   expected: |
     {"a":[{"b":5}]}
     {"a":[{"b":5}],"b":0}
-    "getpath([\"a\",0,\"b\"]) cannot be applied to {\"a\":0}: expected an array but got: number (0)"
+    "getpath([\"a\",0,\"b\"]) cannot be applied to: object ({\"a\":0})"
     {"a":[{"b":5}]}
-    "getpath([\"a\",0,\"b\"]) cannot be applied to {\"a\":[0,1]}: expected an object but got: number (0)"
+    "getpath([\"a\",0,\"b\"]) cannot be applied to: object ({\"a\":[0,1]})"
     "getpath([\"a\",0,\"b\"]) cannot be applied to {\"a\":{\"b\":1}}: expected an array but got: object ({\"b\":1})"
     {"a":[{"b":5}]}
     {"a":[{"b":5,"c":3}]}
@@ -5572,14 +5437,6 @@
   expected: |
     {"a":{"p":{"b":{"p":1,"q":1},"z":{"p":null,"q":null}},"q":{"b":{"p":1,"q":1}}}}
 
-- name: update-assignment operator against nested object with overlapping paths
-  args:
-    - -c
-    - '(.a.b.c,.a,.a.p.b.z) |= {p: ., q: .}'
-  input: '{"a":{"b":{"c":1}}}'
-  expected: |
-    {"a":{"p":{"b":{"c":{"p":1,"q":1},"z":{"p":null,"q":null}}},"q":{"b":{"c":{"p":1,"q":1}}}}}
-
 - name: update-assignment operator with optional operator
   args:
     - -c
diff --git a/compiler.go b/compiler.go
index 7747077..477650c 100644
--- a/compiler.go
+++ b/compiler.go
@@ -132,13 +132,18 @@ func (c *compiler) compile(q *Query) error {
 }
 
 func (c *compiler) compileImport(i *Import) error {
-	path, alias := cmp.Or(i.ImportPath, i.IncludePath), i.ImportAlias
+	var path, alias string
+	var err error
+	if i.ImportPath != "" {
+		path, alias = i.ImportPath, i.ImportAlias
+	} else {
+		path = i.IncludePath
+	}
 	if c.moduleLoader == nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("cannot load module: %q", path)
 	}
 	if strings.HasPrefix(alias, "$") {
 		var vals any
-		var err error
 		if moduleLoader, ok := c.moduleLoader.(interface {
 			LoadJSONWithMeta(string, map[string]any) (any, error)
 		}); ok {
@@ -161,7 +166,6 @@ func (c *compiler) compileImport(i *Import) error {
 		return nil
 	}
 	var q *Query
-	var err error
 	if moduleLoader, ok := c.moduleLoader.(interface {
 		LoadModuleWithMeta(string, map[string]any) (*Query, error)
 	}); ok {
@@ -393,7 +397,7 @@ func (c *compiler) compileQuery(e *Query) error {
 		return c.compileAlt(e.Left, e.Right)
 	case OpAssign, OpModify, OpUpdateAdd, OpUpdateSub,
 		OpUpdateMul, OpUpdateDiv, OpUpdateMod, OpUpdateAlt:
-		return c.compileQueryUpdate(e.Left, e.Right, e.Op, nil)
+		return c.compileQueryUpdate(e.Left, e.Right, e.Op)
 	case OpOr:
 		return c.compileIf(
 			&If{
@@ -467,10 +471,7 @@ func (c *compiler) compileAlt(l, r *Query) error {
 	return c.compileQuery(r)
 }
 
-// compileQueryUpdate compiles an assignment operator. alloc is nil unless the
-// assignment may update the input value in place, in which case it yields the
-// allocator of the enclosing reduce expression.
-func (c *compiler) compileQueryUpdate(l, r *Query, op Operator, alloc *Query) error {
+func (c *compiler) compileQueryUpdate(l, r *Query, op Operator) error {
 	switch op {
 	case OpAssign:
 		// optimize assignment operator with constant indexing and slicing
@@ -490,7 +491,12 @@ func (c *compiler) compileQueryUpdate(l, r *Query, op Operator, alloc *Query) er
 		}
 		fallthrough
 	case OpModify:
-		return c.compileUpdateFunc(op.getFunc(), []*Query{l, r}, alloc)
+		return c.compileFunc(
+			&Func{
+				Name: op.getFunc(),
+				Args: []*Query{l, r},
+			},
+		)
 	default:
 		name := "$%0"
 		c.append(&code{op: opdup})
@@ -498,53 +504,27 @@ func (c *compiler) compileQueryUpdate(l, r *Query, op Operator, alloc *Query) er
 			return err
 		}
 		c.append(&code{op: opstore, v: c.pushVariable(name)})
-		return c.compileUpdateFunc(
-			"_modify",
-			[]*Query{
-				l,
-				{Term: &Term{
-					Type: TermTypeFunc,
-					Func: &Func{
-						Name: op.getFunc(),
-						Args: []*Query{
-							{Term: &Term{Type: TermTypeIdentity}},
-							{Term: &Term{Type: TermTypeFunc, Func: &Func{Name: name}}},
+		return c.compileFunc(
+			&Func{
+				Name: "_modify",
+				Args: []*Query{
+					l,
+					{Term: &Term{
+						Type: TermTypeFunc,
+						Func: &Func{
+							Name: op.getFunc(),
+							Args: []*Query{
+								{Term: &Term{Type: TermTypeIdentity}},
+								{Term: &Term{Type: TermTypeFunc, Func: &Func{Name: name}}},
+							},
 						},
-					},
-				}},
+					}},
+				},
 			},
-			alloc,
 		)
 	}
 }
 
-const (
-	// Both names are deliberately invalid identifiers, so that a query cannot
-	// reach the allocator variants directly.
-	allocatorArgSuffix = "/3"
-	allocatorName      = "$%allocator"
-)
-
-// compileUpdateFunc calls _assign or _modify, or the variant taking an
-// allocator as its third argument.
-func (c *compiler) compileUpdateFunc(name string, args []*Query, alloc *Query) error {
-	if alloc == nil {
-		return c.compileFunc(&Func{Name: name, Args: args})
-	}
-	args = append(args, alloc)
-	fn := c.lookupBuiltin(name+allocatorArgSuffix, len(args))
-	if fn == nil {
-		switch name {
-		case "_assign":
-			c.compileAssign(true)
-		case "_modify":
-			c.compileModify(true)
-		}
-		fn = c.lookupBuiltin(name+allocatorArgSuffix, len(args))
-	}
-	return c.compileCallPc(fn, args)
-}
-
 func (c *compiler) compileBind(l, r *Query, patterns []*Pattern) error {
 	defer c.newScopeDepth()()
 	c.append(&code{op: opdup})
@@ -740,21 +720,6 @@ func (c *compiler) compileReduce(e *Reduce) error {
 	}
 	f()
 	c.append(&code{op: opstore, v: v})
-	// An assignment forming the whole update query is the only thing that
-	// observes the accumulated value, so it may modify it in place; see
-	// Query#inPlaceUpdate. The allocator lives across the whole reduction.
-	l, r, op, inPlace := e.Update.inPlaceUpdate()
-	var alloc *Query
-	if inPlace {
-		c.appends(
-			&code{op: oppush, v: nil},
-			&code{op: opcall, v: [3]any{funcAllocator, 0, "_allocator"}},
-			&code{op: opstore, v: c.pushVariable(allocatorName)},
-		)
-		alloc = &Query{Term: &Term{
-			Type: TermTypeFunc, Func: &Func{Name: allocatorName},
-		}}
-	}
 	setfork := c.lazy(func() *code {
 		return &code{op: opfork, v: len(c.codes)}
 	})
@@ -766,13 +731,7 @@ func (c *compiler) compileReduce(e *Reduce) error {
 	}
 	c.append(&code{op: opload, v: v})
 	f = c.newScopeDepth()
-	var err error
-	if inPlace {
-		err = c.compileQueryUpdate(l, r, op, alloc)
-	} else {
-		err = c.compileQuery(e.Update)
-	}
-	if err != nil {
+	if err := c.compileQuery(e.Update); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	f()
@@ -977,9 +936,9 @@ func (c *compiler) compileFunc(e *Func) error {
 		if !compiled {
 			switch e.Name {
 			case "_assign":
-				c.compileAssign(false)
+				c.compileAssign()
 			case "_modify":
-				c.compileModify(false)
+				c.compileModify()
 			case "_last":
 				c.compileLast()
 			}
@@ -1075,54 +1034,29 @@ func (c *compiler) compileFunc(e *Func) error {
 //
 // To overcome the difficulty of reducing allocations on `setpath`, we use the
 // `allocator` type and track the allocated addresses during the reduction.
-//
-// The shared variant reuses the allocator of the enclosing reduce expression
-// instead of creating a new one, modifying the value in place.
-func (c *compiler) compileAssign(shared bool) {
-	name, argcnt := "_assign", 2
-	if shared {
-		name, argcnt = name+allocatorArgSuffix, 3
-	}
-	defer c.appendBuiltin(name, argcnt)()
+func (c *compiler) compileAssign() {
+	defer c.appendBuiltin("_assign", 2)()
 	scope := c.newScope()
 	v, p := [2]int{scope.id, 0}, [2]int{scope.id, 1}
 	x, a := [2]int{scope.id, 2}, [2]int{scope.id, 3}
 	// Cannot reuse v, p due to backtracking in x.
 	w, q := [2]int{scope.id, 4}, [2]int{scope.id, 5}
 	c.appends(
-		&code{op: opscope, v: [3]int{scope.id, 6, argcnt}},
+		&code{op: opscope, v: [3]int{scope.id, 6, 2}},
 		&code{op: opstore, v: v}, //                def _assign(p; $x):
 		&code{op: opstore, v: p},
 		&code{op: opstore, v: x},
-	)
-	if shared {
-		c.append(&code{op: opstore, v: a}) //       the allocator argument
-	}
-	c.appends(
 		&code{op: opload, v: v},
 		&code{op: opexpbegin},
 		&code{op: opload, v: x},
 		&code{op: opcallpc},
 		&code{op: opstore, v: x},
 		&code{op: opexpend},
-	)
-	if shared {
-		c.appends(
-			&code{op: opload, v: v},
-			&code{op: opload, v: a},
-			&code{op: opcallpc},
-			&code{op: opstore, v: a},
-		)
-	} else {
-		c.appends(
-			&code{op: oppush, v: nil},
-			&code{op: opcall, v: [3]any{funcAllocator, 0, "_allocator"}},
-			&code{op: opstore, v: a},
-		)
-	}
-	c.appends(
+		&code{op: oppush, v: nil},
+		&code{op: opcall, v: [3]any{funcAllocator, 0, "_allocator"}},
+		&code{op: opstore, v: a},
 		&code{op: opload, v: v},
-		&code{op: opfork, v: len(c.codes) + 17}, // reduce [L1]
+		&code{op: opfork, v: len(c.codes) + 30}, // reduce [L1]
 		&code{op: opdup},
 		&code{op: opstore, v: w},
 		&code{op: oppathbegin}, //                  path(p)
@@ -1146,49 +1080,24 @@ func (c *compiler) compileAssign(shared bool) {
 
 // Appends the compiled code for the update-assignment operator (`|=`) to
 // maximize performance. We use the `allocator` type, just like `_assign/2`.
-//
-// The shared variant reuses the allocator of the enclosing reduce expression;
-// see compiler#compileAssign.
-func (c *compiler) compileModify(shared bool) {
-	name, argcnt := "_modify", 2
-	if shared {
-		name, argcnt = name+allocatorArgSuffix, 3
-	}
-	defer c.appendBuiltin(name, argcnt)()
+func (c *compiler) compileModify() {
+	defer c.appendBuiltin("_modify", 2)()
 	scope := c.newScope()
 	v, p := [2]int{scope.id, 0}, [2]int{scope.id, 1}
 	f, d := [2]int{scope.id, 2}, [2]int{scope.id, 3}
 	a, l := [2]int{scope.id, 4}, [2]int{scope.id, 5}
 	c.appends(
-		&code{op: opscope, v: [3]int{scope.id, 6, argcnt}},
+		&code{op: opscope, v: [3]int{scope.id, 6, 2}},
 		&code{op: opstore, v: v}, //                def _modify(p; f):
 		&code{op: opstore, v: p},
 		&code{op: opstore, v: f},
-	)
-	if shared {
-		c.append(&code{op: opstore, v: a}) //       the allocator argument
-	}
-	c.appends(
 		&code{op: oppush, v: []any{}},
 		&code{op: opstore, v: d},
-	)
-	if shared {
-		c.appends(
-			&code{op: opload, v: v},
-			&code{op: opload, v: a},
-			&code{op: opcallpc},
-			&code{op: opstore, v: a},
-		)
-	} else {
-		c.appends(
-			&code{op: oppush, v: nil},
-			&code{op: opcall, v: [3]any{funcAllocator, 0, "_allocator"}},
-			&code{op: opstore, v: a},
-		)
-	}
-	c.appends(
+		&code{op: oppush, v: nil},
+		&code{op: opcall, v: [3]any{funcAllocator, 0, "_allocator"}},
+		&code{op: opstore, v: a},
 		&code{op: opload, v: v},
-		&code{op: opfork, v: len(c.codes) + 31}, // reduce [L1]
+		&code{op: opfork, v: len(c.codes) + 40}, // reduce [L1]
 		&code{op: oppathbegin},                  // path(p)
 		&code{op: opload, v: p},
 		&code{op: opcallpc},
@@ -1197,7 +1106,7 @@ func (c *compiler) compileModify(shared bool) {
 		&code{op: opstore, v: p},                // as $p (.;
 		&code{op: opforklabel, v: l},            // label $l |
 		&code{op: opload, v: v},                 //
-		&code{op: opfork, v: len(c.codes) + 28}, // [L2]
+		&code{op: opfork, v: len(c.codes) + 37}, // [L2]
 		&code{op: oppop},                        // (getpath($p) |
 		&code{op: opload, v: a},
 		&code{op: opload, v: a},
@@ -1211,8 +1120,8 @@ func (c *compiler) compileModify(shared bool) {
 		&code{op: opcall, v: [3]any{funcSetpathWithAllocator, 3, "_setpath"}},
 		&code{op: opstore, v: v},
 		&code{op: opload, v: v},                 // ., break $l
-		&code{op: opfork, v: len(c.codes) + 26}, // [L4]
-		&code{op: opjump, v: len(c.codes) + 30}, // [L3]
+		&code{op: opfork, v: len(c.codes) + 35}, // [L4]
+		&code{op: opjump, v: len(c.codes) + 39}, // [L3]
 		&code{op: opload, v: l},                 // [L4]
 		&code{op: opcall, v: [3]any{funcBreak(""), 0, "_break"}},
 		&code{op: opload, v: p},   //               append $p to $d [L2]
@@ -1365,7 +1274,11 @@ func listModuleDeps(q *Query) []any {
 		if v == nil {
 			v = make(map[string]any)
 		}
-		v["relpath"] = cmp.Or(i.ImportPath, i.IncludePath)
+		relpath := i.ImportPath
+		if relpath == "" {
+			relpath = i.IncludePath
+		}
+		v["relpath"] = relpath
 		if i.ImportAlias != "" {
 			v["as"] = strings.TrimPrefix(i.ImportAlias, "$")
 		}
diff --git a/compiler_test.go b/compiler_test.go
index 6f7c1f8..fe67bf5 100644
--- a/compiler_test.go
+++ b/compiler_test.go
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import (
 	"log"
 	"os"
 	"reflect"
-	"runtime"
 	"sync"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
@@ -375,57 +374,6 @@ func TestCodeRun_RaceRegexp(t *testing.T) {
 	wg.Wait()
 }
 
-// Building an object or an array of n elements must allocate memory
-// proportional to n, not to n squared.
-func TestCodeRun_ReduceAssignmentAllocation(t *testing.T) {
-	for _, src := range []string{
-		`reduce .[] as $x ({}; .[$x|tostring] = $x)`,
-		`reduce .[] as $x ({}; .[$x|tostring] |= $x)`,
-		`reduce .[] as $x ({}; .[$x|tostring] += 1)`,
-		`reduce .[] as $x ([]; .[$x] = $x)`,
-	} {
-		t.Run(src, func(t *testing.T) {
-			query, err := gojq.Parse(src)
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Fatal(err)
-			}
-			code, err := gojq.Compile(query)
-			if err != nil {
-				t.Fatal(err)
-			}
-			small, large := allocatedBytes(t, code, 1000), allocatedBytes(t, code, 4000)
-			// Quadratic growth would be about sixteen times as much.
-			if expected := small * 8; large > expected {
-				t.Errorf("expected at most %v bytes for 4000 elements, got %v (%v bytes for 1000 elements)",
-					expected, large, small)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-func allocatedBytes(t *testing.T, code *gojq.Code, n int) uint64 {
-	t.Helper()
-	input := make([]any, n)
-	for i := range input {
-		input[i] = i
-	}
-	var before, after runtime.MemStats
-	runtime.GC()
-	runtime.ReadMemStats(&before)
-	iter := code.Run(input)
-	for {
-		v, ok := iter.Next()
-		if !ok {
-			break
-		}
-		if err, ok := v.(error); ok {
-			t.Fatal(err)
-		}
-	}
-	runtime.ReadMemStats(&after)
-	return after.TotalAlloc - before.TotalAlloc
-}
-
 func BenchmarkCompile(b *testing.B) {
 	cnt, err := os.ReadFile("builtin.jq")
 	if err != nil {
diff --git a/inplace.go b/inplace.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 442babb..0000000
--- a/inplace.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,204 +0,0 @@
-package gojq
-
-// Static analysis deciding whether the accumulated value of a reduce
-// expression may be updated in place; see compiler#compileReduce. The checks
-// are conservative: failing them only keeps the previous copying behavior.
-
-// inPlaceUpdate reports whether the query is a single assignment applied to
-// the input value, and returns its operands.
-func (e *Query) inPlaceUpdate() (l, r *Query, op Operator, ok bool) {
-	if e.Term != nil || len(e.FuncDefs) > 0 {
-		return nil, nil, 0, false
-	}
-	switch e.Op {
-	case OpModify:
-		// _modify releases the allocator before calling the update function.
-		return e.Left, e.Right, e.Op, true
-	case OpAssign:
-		// A constant path compiles to setpath, which uses no allocator.
-		if e.Left.toIndices(nil) != nil {
-			return nil, nil, 0, false
-		}
-		fallthrough
-	case OpUpdateAdd, OpUpdateSub, OpUpdateMul,
-		OpUpdateDiv, OpUpdateMod, OpUpdateAlt:
-		// The right-hand side must neither observe the input value, which it
-		// could otherwise alias, nor yield multiple values, which would run
-		// the assignment against an already modified input.
-		if !e.Right.readsInput() && e.Right.singleValued() {
-			return e.Left, e.Right, e.Op, true
-		}
-	}
-	return nil, nil, 0, false
-}
-
-// readsInput reports whether evaluating the query may observe its input value.
-// It answers true unless it can prove otherwise.
-func (e *Query) readsInput() bool {
-	if len(e.FuncDefs) > 0 {
-		return true
-	}
-	if e.Term != nil {
-		return e.Term.readsInput()
-	}
-	switch e.Op {
-	case OpPipe:
-		// Binding variables also exposes the input to the right-hand side.
-		if len(e.Patterns) > 0 {
-			return e.Left.readsInput() || e.Right.readsInput()
-		}
-		return e.Left.readsInput()
-	case OpComma, OpAdd, OpSub, OpMul, OpDiv, OpMod, OpEq, OpNe,
-		OpGt, OpLt, OpGe, OpLe, OpAnd, OpOr, OpAlt:
-		return e.Left.readsInput() || e.Right.readsInput()
-	default:
-		return true
-	}
-}
-
-// singleValued reports whether the query yields at most one value.
-// It answers false unless it can prove otherwise.
-func (e *Query) singleValued() bool {
-	if len(e.FuncDefs) > 0 {
-		return false
-	}
-	if e.Term != nil {
-		return e.Term.singleValued()
-	}
-	switch e.Op {
-	case OpPipe:
-		return len(e.Patterns) == 0 &&
-			e.Left.singleValued() && e.Right.singleValued()
-	case OpAdd, OpSub, OpMul, OpDiv, OpMod, OpEq, OpNe,
-		OpGt, OpLt, OpGe, OpLe, OpAnd, OpOr:
-		return e.Left.singleValued() && e.Right.singleValued()
-	default:
-		return false
-	}
-}
-
-func (e *Term) readsInput() bool {
-	for _, s := range e.SuffixList {
-		if s.readsInput() {
-			return true
-		}
-	}
-	switch e.Type {
-	case TermTypeNull, TermTypeTrue, TermTypeFalse, TermTypeNumber:
-		return false
-	case TermTypeString:
-		return e.Str.readsInput()
-	case TermTypeObject:
-		for _, kv := range e.Object.KeyVals {
-			if kv.readsInput() {
-				return true
-			}
-		}
-		return false
-	case TermTypeArray:
-		return e.Array.Query != nil && e.Array.Query.readsInput()
-	case TermTypeUnary:
-		return e.Unary.Term.readsInput()
-	case TermTypeFunc:
-		// Any function may be redefined, so only $x is known not to read it.
-		return e.Func.Name[0] != '$' || len(e.Func.Args) > 0
-	case TermTypeQuery:
-		return e.Query.readsInput()
-	default:
-		return true
-	}
-}
-
-func (e *Term) singleValued() bool {
-	for _, s := range e.SuffixList {
-		if !s.singleValued() {
-			return false
-		}
-	}
-	switch e.Type {
-	case TermTypeNull, TermTypeTrue, TermTypeFalse, TermTypeNumber:
-		return true
-	case TermTypeString:
-		return e.Str.singleValued()
-	case TermTypeObject:
-		for _, kv := range e.Object.KeyVals {
-			if !kv.singleValued() {
-				return false
-			}
-		}
-		return true
-	case TermTypeArray:
-		return true
-	case TermTypeUnary:
-		return e.Unary.Term.singleValued()
-	case TermTypeFunc:
-		return e.Func.Name[0] == '$' && len(e.Func.Args) == 0
-	case TermTypeQuery:
-		return e.Query.singleValued()
-	default:
-		return false
-	}
-}
-
-func (e *Suffix) readsInput() bool {
-	// Only an index is evaluated against the input value.
-	return e.Index != nil && e.Index.readsInput()
-}
-
-func (e *Suffix) singleValued() bool {
-	return !e.Iter && (e.Index == nil || e.Index.singleValued())
-}
-
-func (e *Index) readsInput() bool {
-	if e.Str != nil {
-		return e.Str.readsInput()
-	}
-	return e.Start != nil && e.Start.readsInput() ||
-		e.End != nil && e.End.readsInput()
-}
-
-func (e *Index) singleValued() bool {
-	if e.Str != nil {
-		return e.Str.singleValued()
-	}
-	return (e.Start == nil || e.Start.singleValued()) &&
-		(e.End == nil || e.End.singleValued())
-}
-
-func (e *String) readsInput() bool {
-	for _, q := range e.Queries {
-		if q.readsInput() {
-			return true
-		}
-	}
-	return false
-}
-
-func (e *String) singleValued() bool {
-	for _, q := range e.Queries {
-		if !q.singleValued() {
-			return false
-		}
-	}
-	return true
-}
-
-func (e *ObjectKeyVal) readsInput() bool {
-	if e.Val == nil {
-		// {foo} reads the input value, {$foo} does not.
-		return e.Key == "" || e.Key[0] != '$'
-	}
-	if e.KeyString != nil && e.KeyString.readsInput() ||
-		e.KeyQuery != nil && e.KeyQuery.readsInput() {
-		return true
-	}
-	return e.Val.readsInput()
-}
-
-func (e *ObjectKeyVal) singleValued() bool {
-	if e.KeyString != nil && !e.KeyString.singleValued() ||
-		e.KeyQuery != nil && !e.KeyQuery.singleValued() {
-		return false
-	}
-	return e.Val == nil || e.Val.singleValued()
-}